I'll give it a try...

"Pain is just weakness leaving the body"
This one is kind of tough as it stands (no noun for 'weakness', for example). I sometimes like to approach these things from
a slightly different direction. How about
porghDaq narghDI' 'oy', HoS poch 'When pain appears in the body, it plants strength.'
porgh body
-Daq into
nargh appear
HoS strength
pochNot exactly the same, but maybe close in spirit.
"What does not kill us, just makes us stronger".
muHoHbe'chugh vaj muHoSmoH 'If it does not kill me, it makes me strong'
mu- 'it-me' prefix
HoH 'kill'
-be' not
-chugh if
vaj then (usually paired with
-chughHoS strong
-moH cause to be(come)
There's no way except through context to get the idea of 'strongER'. I also left the subject (whatever 'it' is) unstated, because
I like the effect, and because trying to render 'that which does not...' would involve relative clauses that would be hard to
parse and would lack the Klingony directness of this version.
-- ter'eS